WEMO 2025 (complet) - Flipbook - Page 18
W E M O 202 5
O U T LO O K
Green ammonia 110 is a promising carrier for long-distance green
hydrogen transport, o昀昀ering higher energy density (15.6 MJ/L
vs. 5.6 MJ/L for compressed hydrogen) and leveraging existing
infrastructure. Ammonia is then either burnt to provide a direct
source of energy or converted back into hydrogen by cracking.
The latter reaction is energy-intensive, losing 30-35% of energy.
• Conclusion116: Green hydrogen’s limited resources should
be allocated efficiently to maximize impact. Green
hydrogen development faces signi昀椀cant challenges requiring
prioritized policy support and investment in sectors where it
is the optimal or sole decarbonization solution.
110https://www.hfw.com/insights/
nh3-news-is-ammonia-the-future-of-long-distance-hydrogen-transport/
111https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/en/columns/energy/
hydrogen-and-ammonia-the-risk-of-climate-damaging-leaks/
112https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-024-01741-3
113https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/er/6300225
• China dominated the battery market: In 2024, the
global Electric Vehicle (EV) battery market saw signi昀椀cant
growth, driven by rising EV sales and advancements in
battery technologies. Global battery demand reached
1TWh117, with electric cars accounting for more than 95% of
the demand and stationary batteries for around 45 GWh.
Demand for EV batteries grew by 25% compared to 2023.
Lithium-ion batteries, particularly lithium-iron-phosphate
(LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), remained
dominant due to their high energy density and performance.
Emerging technologies like sodium-ion and solid-state
batteries gained traction, with sodium-ion batteries
(led by CATL) reaching commercial readiness in China
and solid-state batteries advancing toward 2027–2028
commercialization. In 2024, China dominated the global
EV battery market, producing 78% of batteries, driven
by its EV market and cost-e昀昀ective LFP batteries, with
CATL (38% market share) and BYD leading the market.
Europe’s battery demand grew to 200 GWh (up 35% from
2023), supported by EU climate policies, and the U.S.
reached 220 GWh, boosted by the In昀氀ation Reduction Act,
though both rely on Asian 昀椀rms. South Korea (20% market
share) and Japan (6%) were focused on NMC and solidstate batteries, respectively. Overcapacity and mineral
constraints drove recycling and alternative chemistries
like lithium-sulphur.118
114https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058424008356
115https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036031992401869X
116https://globalenergymonitor.org/report/europe-gas-tracker-2025-hydrogen-edition/
117https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2025/electric-vehicle-batteries
118https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-article/
lithium-sulfur-batteries-set-to-become-billion-dollar-industry/33026
WEMO 2025
Solid-phase hydrogen storage112, using metal hydrides or
activated carbon, provides safer, compact transport113 but has
lower storage capacity (25 kg/m³ vs. 108 kg/m³ for ammonia)114
and high energy costs for release.115
Electrical battery demand grew while prices
declined:
17
The transport of ammonia also presents a risk of leakage, with
far more detrimental e昀昀ects on the climate. Moreover, some of
the compounds produced by the combustion of ammonia are
powerful greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide, which has a
warming potential 265 times greater than that of CO2. Related
studies111 underscore the need for caution, as false solutions
may cause more harm than good to the climate.
